IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE FOGGARAS

B. REMINI

Abstract


Throughout the period 1992-2022, we searched for foggaras in the depths of the Algerian Sahara. Herein, an original classification of foggaras as well as a map of geographical locations of foggaras has been established. We have inventoried approximately 2390 foggaras made in the four corners of the Algerian Sahara for more than 20 centuries. With new names, nine types of foggaras have been established according to the nature of the water resources exploited. These are the Erg foggara, garden foggara, Albian foggara, Kenadsa foggara, Ouakda foggara, wadi foggara, foggara of Mzab, foggara of Ziban and foggara of Ain. Two modes of sharing the waters of the foggaras have been highlighted. Ingeniously, the volumetric mode is more interesting since it allows the distribution of water in parallel, and therefore, the irrigation of gardens can be ensured at any time. Contrary to the time mode, the distribution of water is performed alternately, and therefore, irrigation is carried out in series. The article has highlighted the originality of the foggara of the Sahara, which lies in its diversity of catchment sources and the principle of water sharing between the co-owners. Unfortunately, today, this cultural heritage risks being lost in a few years, since of the 2390 foggaras read, only 15% are in service. It is time to highlight a strategy to safeguard these foggaras.


Keywords


Volumetric Foggara, hourly Foggara, Sahara, Erg, Albien, Garden

Full Text:

PDF

References


ABIDI SAAD N., REMINI B. (2011). The foggaras of Touat: the pride of the local population, Annals of Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No 2, pp. 107-113.

AL GHARFI A., NORMAN W.R., INOUE T., NAGASAWA T. (2000). Traditional Irrigation scheduling in Aflaj irrigation systems of Oman. Case study of Falj Al Hageer northen Oman, Proceedings of the First international symposium on Qanat, Vol. VI, Yazd (Iran), Vol. 8, No 11, pp.37-42.

BEN BRAHIM M. (2003). The khettaras of Tafilat: past, present and future, International communication Frontnus-symposium 2-5 October, Walferdange, Luxembourg.

CULTURAL HERITAGE DEPARTMENT (2013). The ksour of the region of El Bayadh - History and Architecture, Internal report, Department of Culture of the Wilaya of El Bayadh, Algeria, 14p.

DHW DE TINDOUF. (2013). Water resources: past, present and future, Internal report, 82 p.

GHACHI M., REMINI B. (2018). Irsan: the largest foggara of Tidikelt (Algeria) in decline. Journal of Water Sciences & Environment Technologies. Vol. 3, No 1, pp. 279-248.

GHACHI M., REMINI B., HAMOUDI S. (2021). The foggaras of Ezzaouia oasis (Algeria): the water always flows under the sand, Technology Reports of Kansai University. Vol. 63, No 2, pp. 2113-7128.

REMINI B, REZOUG C, ACHOUR B. (2014). The foggara of Kenadsa (Algeria), Larhyss Journal, No 18, pp. 93-105

REMINI B. (2011). The foggaras of the oasis belt of the Sahara: past, present and future, Doctorate in science, Mohamed Khider Biskra University, 217 p.

REMINI B. (2017). The foggara of Tademaït: without water energy from the basement to the ground surface, Larhyss Journal, No 32, pp. 301-325.

REMINI B. (2018). The foggaras of the oasis of Ghardaia (Algeria): the sharing of flood waters, Larhyss Journal, No 36, pp. 157-178.

REMINI B. (2018). The foggaras of the oasis of Ghardaia (Algeria): the

sharing of flood waters, Larhyss Journal, No 36, pp. 157-178.

REMINI B. (2020a). Oued Mzab's IRS Development - Population and Floods, life in harmony- Part 1: Hydraulic structures, Larhyss Journal, No 42, pp. 63-95

REMINI B. (2020b). Oued Mzab's IRS Development - Population and Floods, life in harmony- Part 2: Design and operation, Larhyss Journal, N° 42, pp. 145-166.

REMINI B. (2021). Africa, a continent with ignored large water reserves, Larhyss Journal, No 47, pp. 233-244.

REMINI B., ABIDI SAAD N. (2019). The foggara of Tindouf (Algeria): a heritage declining hydraulics, Larhyss Journal, No 39, pp. 215-228, (In French).

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. (2013a). The foggaras of In Salah (Algeria): the forgotten heritage, Larhyss Journal, No 15, pp. 85-95.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. (2013b). The qanat of the greatest western Erg. Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 105, No 5, pp. 104-105.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. (2013d). The foggaras of Ahaggar: Disappearance of a hydraulic heritage, Larhyss Journal, No14, pp. 149-159.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. (2016). The water supply of oasis by Albian foggara: an irrigation system in degradation. Larhyss Journal, No 26, pp. 167-181.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. (2016). The water supply of oasis by Albian foggara: an irrigation system in degradation, Larhyss Journal, No 26, pp. 167-181

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. (2017). The Foggara of Moghrar (Algeria): An irrigation system millennium, Journal of Water Sciences & Environment Technologies, Vol. 2, No 1, pp. 111-116.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B. ET KECHAD R. (2010). Types of foggara in Algeria, Journal of Water Sciences (Canada-France), Vol. 23, No 2, pp. 105-117.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B., ALBERGEL J., (2011). Timimoun’s foggara (Algeria): An heritage in danger. Arabian Journal of Geosciences (Springer), Vol. 4, No 3, pp. 495- 506.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B., KECHAD R. (2014). The foggara: a traditional system of irrigation in arid regions, Geoscience Engineering Journal, Vol. LX, No 32, pp.32-39.

REMINI B., ACHOUR B., OULED BELKHIR C., BABA AMAR D. (2012). The Mzab foggara: an original technique for collecting the water rising, Journal of Water and Land Development, Vol. 16, No I–VI, pp. 49–53.

REMINI B., ALBERGEL J., ACHOUR B. (2015). The Garden Foggara of Timimoun (Algeria): The Decline of Hydraulic Heritage. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Vol. 12, No 3, pp. 51–57.

REMINI B., GHACHI M. (2019). Sharing the waters of the Irsan foggara of In Ghar oasis (In Salah-Algeria), Larhyss Journal, No 37, Mars, pp. 93-114

REMINI B., KECHAD R., ACHOUR B. (2014). The collecting of groundwater by the qanats: a millennium technique decaying, Larhyss Journal, No 20, pp. 259-277

REMINI B., REZOUG C. (2017). The Saoura khottara: a hydraulic heritage in decline, Larhyss Journal, No 30, pp. 273-296.

REMINI B., REZOUG C. (2018). Can be abandoned a traditional irrigation in the Ouakda oasis (Algeria)? Geoscience Engineering, Vol. LXIV, No1, pp. 23-34.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.