DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS IN DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS WITH REFERENCE TO THE ALGERIAN CONTEXT

S. ACHOUR

Abstract


Chemical disinfection is crucial for drinking water safety but inevitably produces disinfection by-products (DBPs) via reactions between oxidants and natural organic matter (NOM), halides, and nitrogenous compounds. These reactions yield diverse carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs, including regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), as well as numerous unregulated species with potentially greater cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Globally, DBP formation varies with natural organic matter characteristics, bromide content, oxidant dose, pH, temperature, and contact time. High mineralization and halide levels favor brominated DBPs, typically more toxic than chlorinated analogues. Regulatory indicators such as THMs and HAAs account for only a fraction of total halogenated by-products, many of which are poorly characterized.

Epidemiological evidence links long-term DBP exposure to elevated risks of bladder, colorectal, and other cancers, along with potential reproductive and developmental effects. In Algeria, where chlorination dominates and surface waters with high organic and inorganic loads are increasingly used, studies reveal high chlorine demand, significant THM formation, and elevated total organic halogen (TOX) levels. Spatial variability exists, with northern waters dominated by chlorinated DBPs and southern/coastal waters enriched in brominated species due to bromide. Rising colorectal, bladder, and gastric cancer incidences further suggest that DBP exposure may be an environmental co-factor warranting investigation.

Technical strategies for DBP control include enhanced coagulation, optimized oxidation/chlorination conditions, pre-oxidation (e.g., potassium permanganate or ozone), and multi-barrier treatments combining advanced processes and biological activated carbon. Evaluating these approaches in light of Algerian water characteristics underscores the need for integrated monitoring of regulated and emerging DBPs, treatment optimization, and stronger linkage between water quality management and public health surveillance.


Keywords


Disinfection By-Products, Drinking water treatment, Toxicological risk, DBP mitigation, Algerian surface water.

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References


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