CARBONIZED COCONUT SHELL MEDIA APPLICABILITY FOR STORMWATER POLLUTION CONTROL

A.A. AWANG NASRIZAL, W. FARZANA, I. SAAD, N. BOLONG

Abstract


Conventional sand is commonly used in water and wastewater treatment as filter media. However, such effective media may fully or partially replace agro-based materials for less critical applications, including stormwater quality control. This paper highlights the potential use of carbonized coconut shells (CS) as efficient filter media, tested on synthetic and actual stormwater. Three media configurations were used: fully river sand (RS) (100%) as a control, half RS and CS (50%:50%), and CS (100%). The RS has the highest average for TSS removal (99.2%), albeit the combined 50% RS and CS achieved higher peak TSS removal (99.6%). However, 100% CS also showed considerable (98.1%) TSS removal. When tested with actual stormwater, the 50% RS and CS demonstrate substantial improvement in TSS and turbidity from Class II to Class I (NWQS). The findings also highlight the influence of porosity with the combined media configurations on the filter performance, with small-size filter grains less porous being more effective than larger ones in removing pollutants.


Keywords


Carbon, Coconut shell, Filter media, Porosity, Specific gravity, Stormwater

Full Text:

PDF

References


ABDUL HAMID N.S., CHE MALEK N.A., MOKHTAR H., MAZLAN W.S., MOHD TAJUDDIN R. (2016). Removal of oil and grease from wastewater using natural adsorbents, Jurnal Teknologi, Vol. 7, Issues 3-5, pp. 97–102. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8519

ABDULSALAM M., CHE MAN H., ISMA IDRIS A., ZAINAL ABIDIN Z., FAEZAH YUNOS K. (2018). The pertinence of microwave irradiated coconut shell bio-sorbent for wastewater decolourization: Structural morphology and adsorption optimization using the Response Surface Method (RSM), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, Issue 10, Paper 2200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102200.

AGAMUTHU P. (2009). Challenges and opportunities in agro-waste management: An Asian perspective, Inaugural Meeting of First Regional 3R Forum in Asia, Vol. 11 Issue 12, pp. 4153–4158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.006

AWANG ALI A.N., AWANG MATUSIN N.H., AWANG AZIZ A.A., BOLONG N., ABDUL TAHA N. (2022). Comparison of selected agro-based filter media for stormwater quality improvement, International Journal of Integrated Engineering, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 251–259. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2022.14.01.023.

AWANG ALI A.N., BOLONG N. (2021). Determination of water quality in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu: The effectiveness of stormwater management systems, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 46, pp. 1848–1854.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.152.

BELGHITI M.L., CHAHLAOUI A., BENGOUMI D., EL MOUSTAINE R. (2013). Study of the physico۔chemical quality and bacteriological status of groundwater plio-quaternary layer in the Meknes region (Morocco), Larhyss Journal, No 14, pp. 21-36. (In French).

DALWADI M.P., GRIFFITHS I.M., BRUNA M. (2015). Understanding how porosity gradients can make a better filter using homogenization theory, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 471, Paper 2182. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0464.

DJABRI L., HANI A., CHAFFAI H., HABES S., DJOUAMAA M.C. (2015). Study of the Vulnerability of Waters to Pollution, A Pledge for the Development of an IWRM: Case of the Alluvial Plain of Tebessa, Larhyss Journal, No 22, pp. 25-34. (In French).

EL OUALI LALAMI A., MERZOUKI M., EL HILLALI O., MANIAR S., IBNSOUDA KORAICHI S. (2010). Surface water pollution in the city of Fes in Morocco: typology, origin and consequences, Larhyss Journal, No 9, pp. 55-72. (In French).

HAZOURLI S., BOUDIBA L., ZIATI M. (2007). Characterization of water pollution waste from the industrial zone from El-Hadjar, Annaba, Larhyss Journal, No 6, pp. 45-55.

ISMAIL M.H., USALI N. (2010). Analysis of SPOT- 5 data for mapping turbidity level of River Klang, Water, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 14–18.

KAKOI B., KALULI J.W., NDIBA P., THIONG’O G. (2016). Banana pith as a natural coagulant for polluted river water, Ecological Engineering, Vol. 95, pp. 699–705.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.07.001.

KHELLADI R.M.B., FELLAH A.C., PONTIÉ M., GUELLIL F.Z. (2020). Influence of particle and grain size on sand filtration: Effect on head loss and turbidity, Aquatic Science and Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 36-50. https://doi.org/10.5296/ast.v8i2.17512.

KUMAR P.R., PINTO L.B., SOMASHEKAR R. (2010). Assessment of the efficiency of sewage treatment plants: A comparative study between Nagasandra and Mailasandra sewage treatment plants, Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 115–125. https://doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v6i2.4020.

LI J., DAVIS A.P. (2016). A unified look at phosphorus treatment using bioretention, Water Research, Vol. 90, pp. 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.015.

O'SULLIVAN A.D., WICKE D., HENGEN T.J., SIEVERDING H.L., STONE J.J. (2015). Life cycle assessment modelling of stormwater treatment systems, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 149, pp. 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.025.

RAMAVANDI B. (2014). Treatment of water turbidity and bacteria by using a coagulant extracted from Plantago Ovata, Water Resources and Industry, Vol. 6, pp. 36–50.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2014.07.001.

TOTA-MAHARAJ K., CHEDDIE D. (2015). Implementation and operation of coconut fiber/husks stormwater filters as sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) for rural communities across the Caribbean, International Low Impact Development Conference 2015, pp. 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479025.010.

WAHID M.A., MOHD JAIS I.B., MOHD YUSOF A.M., ISHAK N.A. (2015). Stormwater treatment using porous rock matrices, In ISFRAM 2014, Springer Singapore, pp. 195–209. https://doi.org/10.100


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.